Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008

Those countries at Stage¹ 7 are currently at the mass killing stage. They are highlighted in bold type. They have active genocides, recurring genocidal massacres, or ongoing politicides. They are erupting. The others are at various stages of dormancy (4 through 6,) but could erupt again. Note that lower stages continue during higher stages - the stages are not linear, but are simultaneous operations, in which "lower" stages are logically necessary for "higher" stages, but continue during the "higher" stages. The table is organized by region. Within a region, countries are listed in order of their potential for mass killing, by stages. Not all politicides since 1945 appear on this chart because some countries where politicide has occurred have become democracies (e.g. East Germany, Poland, Romania, Mongolia) and are not now at stage 4 or above.

¹ To better understand the different stages of genocide as presented in the chart, see Gregory Stanton's 8 stages model here

		AFRICA
NATION	YEARS OF EPISODES SINCE 1945	CUMULATIVE CIVILIAN DEATH TOLL	MAJOR KILLERS	MAIN DIVISIONS	HIGHEST STAGE in 2008
Sudan - south, Nuba region	1956 - 1972, 1983-2005	2 million Nuer, Dinka, Christians, Nuba, southerners	Khartoum gov‘t NIF gov‘t, militias, rebels	Political, religious, racial, ethnic
Sudan - Darfur	2003 -present	250,000+ Zaghawa, Fur, Massaleit, & black Africans	Janjaweed Arab militias, Sudan government	Racial, ethnic, political	7 - Politicide, Genocide
Sudan - south	present	Nuer, Dinka, Shilluk, other African groups	Sudan government	Political, racial, ethnic, religious	6-Preparation
Democratic Republic of the Congo	1945 - 1960 1960 - 1965	1,000‘s Africans 1,000‘s civil war	Colonial forces Rebels, army	Racial, colonial, economic Political, ethnic	7 - Politicide, Genocidal massacres
	1977 - 1979, 1984	1,000‘s civil war	Rebels, army
	1994 - 1997	80,000 Hutus, Banyamulenge, 1 million (civil war)	Kabila/ Rwandan army, Ugandan, Rwandan armies, rebels, DRCongo, allied armies	Political, ethnic
	1994 - present	40,000Hema,Lendu	Ethnic militias	Ethnic
	1997 - present	2.5 million (civil war)	War-lord led militias, DRC army	Political, economic, ethnic, national
Somalia	1988 - present 2006 -	100,000 Somalis, Isaaq clan	Warlord/clan militias	Political, clan	7 - Massacres
	present	Islamists,	Ethiopian army; Islamists

Kenya	1952 - 1960 1991 - 1993 2007-present	1,500 Kikuyu, 100‘s colonials 1,000‘s Nilotics 1500+ Kikuyu, Luo, Luhya, Masai,other ethnic groups	Colonial forces, MauMau Kikuyu Ethnic militias Ethnic youth gangs	Ethnic, political	7 - Genocidal Massacres
Ethiopia	1945 - 1974 1974 - 1985 1994 - 2000 2001 present	150,000 Oromo, Eritreans, Somali 750,000 Class enemies, Oromo 100,000 Eritrea war Ethnic minorities Oromo Anuak in Gambella	Selassie monarchy Derg communists Army (Ethiopian Defence Forces) Army (EDF) Army (EDF)	National, religious, ethnic National, ethnic, religious Ethnic, racial, economic, political	7 - Genocidal massacres
Chad	1965 - 1996 2005 -present	10,000‘s southern Saras, civil war 1000‘s Zaghawas, Fur	Gov‘t army, Libyan army, rebels Sudan-backed militias	Ethnic, racial, religious, political Political, ethnic	7 - Genocidal massacres
Uganda	1972 - 1979 1980 - 1986 1994 - present	300,000 Acholi, Lango, Karamoja 250,000 Baganda,, Banyarwanda 10,000‘s LRA foes	Amin gov‘t army, police Obote gov‘t army, police Lord‘s Resistance Army	Political, ethnic, religious	7 - Massacres
Zimbabwe	1982 - 84 1998 - present	20,000 Matabele MDC supporters, Matabele, urban poor, white farmers	Gov‘t army 5th Brigade, militias Army, police, ZANU-PF militias	Ethnic, political Political, ethnic, economic	6 - Preparation
Côte d‘Ivoire	2000 - 2007	10,000‘s Dioulas,Immigrants from Burkina Faso, Mali; 1,000‘s southerners	Gov‘t, Beté & other militias, death squads; northern rebels	National, ethnic, religious	6 - Preparation

Eritrea	1960‘s - 2000;	10,000‘s Eritreans (independence war)	Ethiopian armies, police	National, religious, ethnic	6- Preparation
	1996-present	Border war with Ethiopia
Burundi	1959 - 1962	50,000 Hutus	Tutsi government	Ethnic, political	6 - Preparation
	1972	150,000 Hutus			5 -Polarization
			Tutsi army
	1988	25,000 Hutus
			Tutsi army
	1993 - 1995	50,000 Tutsis, 100,000
		Hutus	Hutu rebels,
	1996 -2006	100,000 Tutsi, Hutu	Tutsi army Rebels, Army
Equatorial	1975 - 1979	50,000 Bubi, Nguema	Macias Nguema	Political, ethnic	6 - Preparation
Guinea		foes	regime,
	2001		successor
	present
Togo	2004 -	Eyadema opponents	Government	Political, ethnic	6 - Preparation
	present		police, army
Nigeria	1966 - 1970	1 million Ibos	Nigerian army	Political, ethnic,	6 - Preparation
	1972 - 2000	Tiv, Hausa, Yoruba	Ethnic mobs	religious
	(sporadic)	Ogoni, others
	2001 -present	Niger delta groups	Nigerian army, police
Algeria	1954 - 1963	160,000 OAS, Harkis, settlers	French legions, OAS, rebels	Colonial	5 - Polarization
	1991 - 2005	50,000 Berbers	Islamic Armed Group (GIA)	Religious, political
Sierra Leone	1991 - 2003	100,000 (civil war)	Revolutionary	Political, ethnic	5 -Polarization
			United Front,
			other militias
Rwanda	1959 - 1963, 1993	10,000‘s Tutsi	Hutu gov‘t	Ethnic, political	5 -Polarization
		800,000 Tutsi, 10,000	Hutu Power
	1994	Hutu	gov't, Interahamwe
	1995 - present	1,000‘s Hutus	Rwandan gov‘t
Congo	1959 -1968	5,000 Gov‘t foes	Gov‘t army,	Colonial	5 -Polarization
Brazzaville			police, rebels
	1997 - 2000	1,000‘s (civil war)		Political, ethnic

Angola	1961 - 1962	40,000 Kongo, 500,000	Colonial army	Colonial	5 -Polarization
		Umbundu, Ovimbundu
	1975 - 2003		Gov‘t, UNITA	Political, ethnic
			armies, allies
Central African	1966 - 1979	2,000 Bokassa foes	Gov‘t army,	Political, ethnic	5 -Polarization
Republic			police
	2001
Liberia	1990 - 2003	100,000 Krahn, Gio,	Doe gov‘t army,	Political, ethnic	5 - Polarization
		Mano, etc.	Taylor rebels
			Gov‘t, rebels
Botswana	1990 -	100‘s Küng Bushmen,	Gov‘t police	Economic,	4 - Organization
	present	Caprivi Namibians		political, ethnic
Senegal œ	1990 - 2001	1,000 Diola (civil war)	Senegalese	Political, ethnic	4 - Organization
Casamance			army, rebels
Guinea Bissau	1960‘s -present	1,000‘s	Army	Political	4 - Organization
Morocco	1976 -	1,000‘s: Sahrawis	Moroccan army,	Political, ethnic	4 - Organization
Western Sahara	present
			Polisario rebels
Mali	1990 - 1993	1,000 Touaregs	Malian army, Touareg rebels	Ethnic, political	4 - Organization
Mozambique	1975 - 1994	1 million by MPLA,	Renamo, MPLA	Political, ethnic	4 - Organization
		Renamo
Madagascar	1947 - 1948	50,000 Malagasy	French colonial	National,	4 - Organization
		nationalists	forces	racial,
				political, ethnic
South Africa	1987 - 1996	1,000‘s Zulus, Xhosa,	Gov‘t police,	Racial,	4 - Organization
		ANC,	ethnic militias;	political, ethnic
	1996 -
	present	Boer farmers	Hate crimes
Egypt	sporadic	100‘s: Copts	Muslim	Religious,	4 - Organization
			fundamentalists	political

		AMERICAS
NATION	EPISODES	DEATH TOLL	KILLERS	DIVISIONS	STAGE in 2008
Colombia	1948 - 1958	150,000	Political parties	Political	7 - Politicide
	1975 - present	10,000‘s	Marxists, rightist death squads, drug cartels	Political, narcotics cartels
Venezuela	1945 - 1970‘s	1,000‘s Yanomami	Settlers, miners	Racial, ethnic;	5 - Polarization
	2004 -present	Isolated Chavez opponents	Chavez neo-Marxists	Political, class
Brazil	1945 -- 1964	300,000 Vargas foes, Indians	Gov‘t police, settler militias	Political, economic, racial,	4 - Organization
	1964 -			ethnic
	present sporadic	1,000‘s: Kayapo, Yanomami, etc.	Settlers, miners
	massacres
Guatemala	1950‘s -	200,000 Mayans	Gov‘t army,	Racial, ethnic,	4 - Organization
	1980‘s		death squads	political
Cuba	1945 - 1959	100‘s rebels	Rightist gov‘ts	Political	4 - Organization
	1959 -
	present	7842 —counter -	Castro gov‘t
		revolutionaries“
Argentina	1976 - 1980	20,000 leftists	Army, police	Racial, ethnic Political	4 - Organization
Chilé	1973 - 1976	10,000‘s leftists	Army, police	Political	4 - Organization
Nicaragua	1970 - 1979	1,000‘s Sandinistas	Gov‘t army	Political	4 - Organization
	1980 - 1989	10,000‘s Contras	Sandinista army
El Salvador	1980 - 1992	10,000‘s leftists	Army, militias	Political	4 - Organization
Paraguay	1945 - 1962	1000‘s Indians	Army, settlers	Racial, ethnic	4 - Organization
		1000 Aché Indians
	1962 - 1974		Settlers
Mexico Chiapas	1945 - 2001	10,000‘s Indians, gov‘t foes 10,000‘s Mayans	Army, police	Ethnic, political	4 - Organization

		ASIA
NATION	EPISODES	DEATH TOLL	KILLERS	DIVISIONS	STAGE in 2008
North Korea	1949 - present	2 million +	Government	Political, class, regional	7 - Politicide
Afghanistan	1978 - 1993	700,000 (civil war) 50,000+	Soviets Mujahadin	Political, national, religious, ethnic	7 - Political terrorism, war
	1993 - 1996	30,000 (civil war)	Warlords
	1996 - 2001 1996 - 2001	50,000+ Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazara, 10,000+	Taliban,Al Qaeda, NorthernAlliance
	2001 - present	1,000‘s gov‘t supporters,	Taliban, Al Qaeda,
		1,000‘s Taliban	NATO, gov‘t
Pakistan	1947	61,000 Hindus	Muslim mobs	Political,	7 - Massacres
	(partition)			national, ethnic,	(by Al Qaeda &
East Pakistan:	1971	1,500,000 Bengalis	West Pakistani	religious	other terrorists)
( Bengal)		& Hindus	army
West Pakistan		Sindhis	Army
	1973 - 1977
Baluchistan,		Shiites, Christians	Sunnis
Sind	1978 -				6 - Preparation
Frontier	present	Baluchis, Sindis	Army		(by Baluchi & Sind separatists,
provinces	2003 -	Government	Islamists, Al-		Army)
	present	supporters, non-	Qaeda
		Pashtuns
Burma (Myanmar)	1945 - 1948 1948 - 1962	1,000‘s rebels 15,000 rebels,govt	Burma Ind Move U Nu govt,rebels	Ethnic, political, religious	7 - Politicide, genocidal massacres
	1962 - 2007	100,000 Shan, Karen, NDU	SLORC, SPDC (Burmese gov‘t)
	2007 - present	1000‘s monks, democracy parties	SPDC (Burmese gov‘t)
Sri Lanka	1983 -	10000‘s: Tamil	Anti-Tamil mobs	Ethnic, national,	7 - Politicide
	present	and Sinhalese civilians	Tamil Tiger	political, religious	genocidal massacres
			rebels


Peoples Republic of China	1949 - 1977	35 million+ —class enemies“, religious minorities, Uighurs Muslims, Christians	Maoist communist gov‘t, PRC army, Red Guards, police	Political,national, class,economic, ethnic, religious	7 - Politicide
	1977 -	Falun Gong
	present
Nepal	1996 -	20,000 anti-	Maoist rebels	Political	6 - Preparation
	present	Maoists,
		10,000‘s rebels	Nepal army
Uzbekistan	1991 -	1,000‘s	Muslim funda-	Political,	6 - Preparation
Fergana Valley	present		mentalists	religious
	2005 -		Gov‘t police
	present	100‘s opposition
Indonesia	1965	500,000 communists	Suharto gov‘t & successors	Political, ethnic	6 - Preparation
	1966 - 2005	10,000‘s: Acehnese	Indonesian army	Religious, political, ethnic, national
		1,000‘s: Irian Jaya	Indonesian army
		1,000‘s: Moluccas	Laskar Jihad
		1,000‘s: Sulewesi	Laskar Jihad
India	1947 (partition)	100,000‘s Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs	Hindu, Muslim, Sikh mobs	National, religious, ethnic, political	6 - Preparation occasional
	1949 - 2003	1,000‘s Muslims, 100‘s Sikh‘s, Hindus	Hindu mobs, Muslim mobs		genocidal massacres
Bihar	1975-present	Gov‘t supporters	Naxalites	Political	terrorism
Gujarat	2003	1,000‘s Muslims	Hindu mobs	Religious	genocidal massacres
Kashmir	1947 -present	1000‘s Muslims, Hindus	Rebels, police	National, religious	Nationalist war
Philippines	1972 - present	1,000‘s pro-gov‘t officials, separatists, communists	Marxists, gov‘t Army, Moros,	Political, religious	6 - Preparation; occasional massacres (by terrorists)
			Abu Sayyef
Tibet	1959 -	1,600,000 Tibetan	PRC communist	National, ethnic,	5 - Polarization
	1990‘s	Buddhists	Chinese gov‘t	political religious
Azerbaijan	1988 - 1994	10,000‘s	Azeri &	Ethnic, political,	5 - Polarization
		Armenians	Armenian armies	religious national
		1,000‘s Azeris

Cambodia	1945 - 1966 1966 - 1975	5,000 king‘s foes 15,000 Vietnamese	Royal gov‘t Lon Nol gov‘t	Political, class, ethnic, religious, national	5 - Polarization
	1968 - 1975	360,000 pro-gov‘t	Khmer Rouge
	1975 - 1979	1.7 œ 2.2 million class enemies, Cham Muslims, city people, Vietnamese, Eastern Zone	Khmer Rouge
	1979 - 1993	230,000 (civil war)	Samrin govt,KR
	1993 - 1999	1,000‘s gov‘t foes	Hun Sen gov‘t
French Vietnam	1945 - 1953	10,000‘s leftists	French colonials	Political, class,	4 - Organization
				ethnic, national
South Vietnam	1954 - 1975	90,000 leftists	South Viet gov‘t
North Vietnam	1954 - 1975	1 million class	North Viet gov‘t
		enemies,minorities
Peoples	1975 -		Vietnamese
Democratic	present	10,000‘s boat	gov‘t
RepublicVietnam		people, reeducated
Laos	1945 - 1960 1960 - 1975	10,000‘s leftists 100,000 anti-	Royalists,French Pathet Lao	Political, ethnic	4 - Organization
		communists,
	1975 -present	Hmong	Peoples Democratic Republic
East Timor	1965 - 2000	200,000 Timorese	Indonesian army,	Political,national,	(Refugees still at
			militias	ethnic, religious	risk in Indonesia)
	2007- 2008	Political leaders	Military rebels	Political	Coup attempt

		EUROPE
NATION	EPISODES	DEATH TOLL	KILLERS	DIVISIONS	STAGE in 2008
Russia -	1943 - 1957,	50,000 Chechens,	USSR army,	Ethnic, national,	6 - Preparation
Chechnya	1994 -present	1,000‘s Russians	Russian Army,Chechen rebels	religious,political
Russia	1990‘s -present	Isolated deaths	Neo-fascists	Hate crimes
Yugoslavia:	1998 - 2001	10,000 Albanian	Yugoslav Army	Ethnic, religious,	6 - Preparation
Kosovo		Kosovars,		national, political
		100‘s Serbs
			KosovoLibArmy
Yugoslavia	1941 - 1945	650,000 Serbs	Croatian Fascists	Political, ethnic,	8 - Denial
			(Ustashi)	national,religious
Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia	1941 -1945	100,000 Croats, Muslims	Serb Partisans (Chetniks)		5 - Polarization
(including 1941	1945 - 1987	1 million Tito foes	Tito gov‘t
1945 relevant to
later conflicts)	1993 - 2001	1,000‘s dissidents	Milosevic gov‘t
Macedonia	1999 - 2001	100‘s Albanians, Macedonians	Albanian rebels, Macedonia govt	Political, ethnic	5 - Polarization
Bosnia	1992 - 1998	200,000 Muslims,	Bosnian Serbs,	Ethnic, religious,	5 - Polarization
		Croats, Serbs	Croats, Muslims	national, political	(partition)
Georgia: Abkhasia	1993 - present	100‘s Abkhasians	Georgian army, separatist rebels	National, ethnic, political	5 - Polarization
Northern Ireland	1964 - 2001	3000 Catholics,	Irish Republic	Religious, class,	5 - Polarization
		Protestants	Army, Protestant	political, national
			extremists
Croatia	1991 - 1995	50,000 Serbs, Croats, Bosnian Muslims	Croat army, militias, Serbs, Bosnian	Ethnic, national, religious,political	4 - Organization
			Muslims
USSR (State no	1945 - 1953	15 million+ —class	Soviet police,	Political,	Not applicable
longer exists.)		enemies“ 1	army, NKVD	national, ethnic,	(State no longer
	1945 - 1947	million repatriated		religious	exists.)
		Soviet nationals, 6 million+ dissidents	NKVD, KGB secret police
USSR national
minorities, esp. in Crimea, Dagestan Ingushetia	1945 - 1991 1945 - 1991	400,000 Karachai, Meshketians,Balkars, Crimean Tatars, Ingushi	Red Army, Secret police

		MIDDLE EAST
NATION	EPISODES	DEATH TOLL	KILLERS	DIVISIONS	STAGE in 2008
Iraq	1961 -2003	190,000 Kurds, Shiites, Kuwaitis	Iraqi army, presidential guard, Baathists,	Political, ethnic, national, religious	8 - Denial 7 - Genocidal
					massacres
	2003 - present	Shiites, Sunni —collaborators“, Kurds	Fedayeen, Al Qaeda, insurgent terrorists	Religious, political, ethnic, national	Politicide
		Insurgents	U.S., British, Iraqi armies
Israel - Palestine	1948 - 1955, 1956, 1967, 1973,	1,000‘s Israelis, 1,000‘s Palestinians 160 Israelis	Irgun, Arab terrorists, Israeli army, police, Fatah,	National, religious, ethnic, political	7 - Genocidal massacres 6 - Preparation
	1987 - 1993	1,162 Palestinians	Israeli army
		100‘s Israelis	Hamas,Islamic Jihad, other terrorist groups;
	2000 -present	1000‘s Palestinians 100‘s Israelis	Israeli army, police Hamas, Hezbollah
Lebanon	1974 - 1991	55,000 Christians, Muslims, Druze	Religious militias, Hezbollah, Phalangists	Religious, political	7 - war, massacres; 6 œ Preparation
	1991 - present	Lebanese nationalists	Syrian secret police	Political
	2006	Hezbollah, civilians	Israeli army	Political, religious
Iran	1953 - 1978	26,000 Shah foes	Secret police,	Religious, ethnic, political, national	5 - Polarization
	1978 - 1992 1993 -	60,000 Kurds, monarchists, Bahai	Iranian army, revolution guards
	present	100‘s gov‘t opponents	Secret police	Political, religious
	2005 -present	(potentially:Israeli nation)	President, nuclear program	Political, religious	6 - Incitements to commit
					genocide


Turkey	1984 - 2000 2001 present	10,000‘s Kurds 1000‘s Kurds; 100‘s Turks	Turkish army Turkish army PKK	Ethnic, religious, national, political	8 - Denial 7 - war , massacres
Syria	1981 - 1982	21,000 Kurds, Sunni Muslims	Syrian army, police	Political, religious,national	5 - Polarization
Cyprus	1963 - 1967	2,000 Turks, Greek Cypriots	Greek Cypriots Turks	Political, religious, ethnic, national	5 - Polarization (partition)

Turkey

1984 - 2000 2001 present

10,000‘s Kurds 1000‘s Kurds; 100‘s Turks

Turkish army Turkish army PKK

Ethnic, religious, national, political

8 - Denial

7 - war , massacres

Syria

1981 - 1982

21,000 Kurds, Sunni Muslims

Syrian army, police

Political, religious,national

5 - Polarization

Cyprus

1963 - 1967

2,000 Turks, Greek Cypriots

Greek Cypriots Turks

Political, religious, ethnic, national

5 - Polarization (partition)

Genocide Prevention Advisory Network

Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008